PART 120-PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS
Authority: Secs. 2, 38, and 71, Pub. L. 90-629, 90 Stat. 744 (22 U.S.C. 2752, 2778, 2797); E.O. 11958, 42 FR 4311; 3 CFR 1977 Comp. p. 79; 22 U.S.C. 2658.
(b) Authorized Officials. All authorities conferred upon the Director of the Office of Defense Trade Controls by this subchapter may be exercised at any time by the Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs, the Assistant Secretary of State for Politico-Military Affairs, or the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Politico-Military Affairs responsible for supervising the Office of Defense Trade Controls unless the Legal Adviser or the Assistant Legal Adviser for Politico-Military Affairs of the Department of State determines that any specific exercise of this authority under this subsection may be inappropriate.
(c) Eligibility. Only U.S. persons (as defined in § 120.15) and foreign
governmental entities in the United States may be granted licenses or other approvals (other than retransfer approvals sought pursuant to this subchapter). Foreign persons (as defined in § 120.16) other than governments are not eligible. U.S. persons who have been convicted of violating the criminal statutes enumerated in § 120.27, who have been debarred pursuant to part 127 or 128 of this subchapter, who are the subject of an indictment involving the criminal statutes enumerated in § 120.27, who are ineligible to contract with, or to receive a license or other form of authorization to import defense articles or defense services from any agency of the U.S. Government, who are ineligible to receive export licenses (or other forms of authorization to export) from any agency of the U.S. Government, who are subject to Department of State Suspension/Revocation under § 126.7 (a)(1)-(a)(7) of this subchapter, or who are ineligible under § 127.6(c) of this subchapter are generally ineligible. Applications for licenses or other approvals will be considered only if the applicant has registered with the Office of Defense Trade Controls pursuant to part 122 of this subchapter. All applications and requests for approval must be signed by a U.S. person who has been empowered by the registrant to sign such documents.
(d) The exemptions provided in this subchapter do not apply to transactions in which the exporter or any party to the export (as defined in § 126.7(e) of this subchapter) is generally ineligible as set forth above in paragraph (c) of this section, unless an exception has been granted pursuant to § 126.7(c) of this subchapter.
(a) Is specifically designed, developed, configured, adapted, or modified for a military application, and
(i) Does not have predominant civil applications, and
(ii) Does not have performance equivalent (defined by form, fit and function) to those of an article or service used for civil applications; or
(b) Is specifically designed, developed, configured, adapted, or modified for a military application, and has significant military or intelligence applicability such that control under this subchapter is necessary.
The intended use of the article or service after its export (i.e., for a military or civilian purpose) is not relevant in determining whether the article or service is subject to the controls of this subchapter. Any item covered by the U.S. Munitions List must be within the categories of the U.S. Munitions List. The scope of the U.S. Munitions List shall be changed only by amendments made pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778).
(b) Registration with the Office of Defense Trade Controls as defined in part 122 of this subchapter is not required prior to submission of a commodity jurisdiction request. If it is determined that the commodity is a defense article or service covered by the U.S. Munitions List, registration is required for exporters, manufacturers, and furnishers of defense articles and defense services (see part 122 of this subchapter).
(c) Requests shall identify the article or service, and include a history of the product’s design, development and use. Brochures, specifications and any other documentation related to the article or service shall be submitted in seven collated sets.
(d)(1) A determination that an article or service does not have predominant civil applications shall be made by the Department of State, in accordance with this subchapter, on a case-by-case basis, taking into account:
(i) The number, variety and predominance of civil applications;
(ii) The nature, function and capability of the civil applications; and
(iii) The nature, function and capability of the military applications.
(2) A determination that an article does not have the performance equivalent, defined by form, fit and function, to those used for civil applications shall be made by the Department of State, in accordance with this subchapter, on a case-by-case basis, taking into account:
(i) The nature, function, and capability of the article;
(ii) Whether the components used in the defense article are identical to those components originally developed for civil use.
Note: The form of the item is its defined configuration, including the geometrically measured configuration, density, and weight or other visual parameters which uniquely characterize the item, component or assembly. For software, form denotes language, language level and media. The fit of the item is its ability to physically interface or interconnect with or become an integral part of another item. The function of the item is the action or actions it is designed to perform.
(3) A determination that an article has significant military or intelligence applications such that it is necessary to control its export as a defense article shall be made, in accordance with this subchapter, on a case-by-case basis, taking into account: (i) The nature, function, and capability of the article;
(ii) The nature of controls imposed by other nations on such items (including COCOM and other multilateral controls), and
(iii) That items described on the COCOM Industrial List shall not be designated defense articles or defense services unless the failure to control such items on the U.S. Munitions List would jeopardize significant national security or foreign policy interests.
(e) The Office of Defense Trade Controls will provide a preliminary response within 10 working days of receipt of a complete request for commodity jurisdiction. If after 45 days the Office of Defense Trade Controls has not provided a final commodity jurisdiction determination, the applicant may request in writing to the Director, Center for Defense Trade that this determination be given expedited processing.
(f) State, Defense and Commerce will resolve commodity jurisdiction disputes in accordance with established procedures. State shall notify Defense and Commerce of the initiation and conclusion of each case.
(g) A person may appeal a commodity jurisdiction determination by submitting a written request for reconsideration to the Director of the Center for Defense Trade. The Center for Defense Trade will provide a written response of the Director’s determination within 30 days of receipt of the appeal. If desired, an appeal of the Director’s decision can then be made directly to the Assistant Secretary for Politico-Military Affairs.
(b) Significant military equipment includes:
(1) Items in § 121.1 of this subchapter which are preceded by an asterisk; and
(2) All classified articles enumerated in § 121.1 of this subchapter.
(1) The furnishing of assistance (including training) to foreign persons, whether in the United States or abroad in the design, development, engineering, manufacture, production, assembly, testing, repair, maintenance, modification, operation, demilitarization, destruction, processing or use of defense articles; or
(2) The furnishing to foreign persons of any technical data controlled under this subchapter (see § 120.10), whether in the United States or abroad.
(1) Information, other than software as defined in § 120.10(d), which is required for the design development, production, manufacture, assembly, operation, repair, testing, maintenance or modification of defense articles. This includes information in the form of blueprints, drawings, photographs, plans, instructions and documentation.
(2) Classified information relating to defense articles and defense services;
(3) Information covered by an invention secrecy order;
(4) Software as defined in § 121.8(f) of this subchapter directly related to defense articles;
(5) This definition does not include information concerning general scientific, mathematical or engineering principles commonly taught in schools, colleges and universities or information in the public domain as defined in § 120.11. It also does not include basic marketing information on function or purpose or general system descriptions of defense articles.
(1) Through sales at newsstands and bookstores;
(2) Through subscriptions which are available without restriction to any individual who desires to obtain or purchase the published information;
(3) Through second class mailing privileges granted by the U.S. Government;
(4) At libraries open to the public or from which the public can obtain documents;
(5) Through patents available at any patent office;
(6) Through unlimited distribution at a conference, meeting, seminar, trade show or exhibition, generally accessible to the public, in the United States;
(7) Through public release (i.e., unlimited distribution) in any form (e.g., not necessarily in published form) after approval by the cognizant U.S. government department or agency (see also § 125.4(b)(13) of this subchapter);
(8) Through fundamental research in science and engineering at accredited institutions of higher learning in the U.S. where the resulting information is ordinarily published and shared broadly in the scientific community. Fundamental research is defined to mean basic and applied research in science and engineering where the resulting information is ordinarily published and shared broadly within the scientific community, as distinguished from research the results of which are restricted for proprietary reasons or specific U.S. Government access and dissemination controls. University research will not be considered fundamental research if:
(i) The University or its researchers accept other restrictions on publication of scientific and technical information resulting from the project or activity, or
(ii) The research is funded by the U.S. Government and specific access and dissemination controls protecting information resulting from the research are applicable.
(1) Sending or taking a defense article out of the United States in any manner, except by mere travel outside of the United States by a person whose personal knowledge includes technical data; or
(2) Transferring registration, control or ownership to a foreign person of any aircraft, vessel, or satellite covered by the U.S. Munitions List, whether in the United States or abroad; or
(3) Disclosing (including oral or visual disclosure) or transferring in the United States any defense article to an embassy, any agency or subdivision of a foreign government (e.g., diplomatic missions); or
(4) Disclosing (including oral or visual disclosure) or transferring technical data to a foreign person, whether in the United States or abroad; or
(5) Performing a defense service on behalf of, or for the benefit of, a foreign person, whether in the United States or abroad.
(6) A launch vehicle or payload shall not, by reason of the launching of such vehicle, be considered an export for purposes of this subchapter. However, for certain limited purposes (see § 126.1 of this subchapter), the controls of this subchapter may apply to any sale, transfer or proposal to sell or transfer defense articles or defense services.
(a) The export of technical data (as defined in § 120.10) or defense articles or the performance of a defense service; or
(b) The use by the foreign person of technical data or defense articles previously exported by the U.S. person. (See part 124 of this subchapter).
(1) Is directly employed by the applicant or a subsidiary in a position having authority for policy or management within the applicant organization; and
(2) Is legally empowered in writing by the applicant to sign license applications or other requests for approval on behalf of the applicant; and
(3) Understands the provisions and requirements of the various export control statutes and regulations, and the criminal liability, civil liability and administrative penalties for violating the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations; and
(4) Has the independent authority to:
(i) Enquire into any aspect of a proposed export or temporary import by the applicant, and
(ii) Verify the legality of the transaction and the accuracy of the information to be submitted; and
(iii) Refuse to sign any license application or other request for approval without prejudice or other adverse recourse.
(1) Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778);
(2) Section 11 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2410);
(3) Sections 793, 794, or 798 of title 18, United States Code (relating to espionage involving defense or classified information);
(4) Section 16 of the Trading with the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. 16);
(5) Section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (relating to foreign assets controls; 50 U.S.C. 1705);
(6) Section 30A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78dd-1) or section 104 of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (15 U.S.C. 78dd-2);
(7) Chapter 105 of title 18, United States Code (relating to sabotage);
(8) Section 4(b) of the Internal Security Act of 1950 (relating to communication of classified information; 50 U.S.C. 783(b));
(9) Sections 57, 92, 101, 104, 222, 224, 225, or 226 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2077, 2122, 2131, 2134, 2272, 2274, 2275, and 2276);
(10) Section 601 of the National Security Act of 1947 (relating to intelligence identities protection; 50 U.S.C. 421);
(11) Section 603(b) or (c) of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 (22 U.S.C. 5113(b) and (c)); and
(12) Section 371 of title 18, United States Code (when it involves conspiracy to violate any of the above statutes).
(a) Department of State, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Washington, DC. 20522-0602.
(1) Application/License for permanent export of unclassified defense articles and related technical data (Form DSP-5).
(2) Application for registration (Form DSP-9).
(3) Application/License for temporary import of unclassified defense articles (Form DSP-61).
(4) Application/License for temporary export of unclassified defense articles (Form DSP-73).
(5) Non-transfer and use certificate (Form DSP-83).
(6) Application/License for permanent/temporary export or temporary import of classified defense articles and related classified technical data (Form DSP-85).
(7) Authority to Export Defense Articles and Defense Services sold under the Foreign Military Sales program (Form DSP-94).
(b) Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration:
(1) International Import Certificate (Form BXA-645P/ATF-4522/DSP-53).
(2) Shipper’s Export Declaration (Form No. 7525-V).
(3) Department of Defense, Defense Security Assistance Agency: Letter of Offer and Acceptance (DD Form 1513).
(b) The term MTCR Annex means the Guidelines and Equipment and Technology Annex of the MTCR, and any amendments thereto;
(c) List of all items on the MTCR Annex. Section 71(a) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. § 2797) refers to the establishment as part of the U.S. Munitions List of a list of all items on the MTCR Annex, the export of which is not controlled under section 6(l) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(l)), as amended. In accordance with this provision, the list of MTCR Annex items shall constitute all items on the U.S. Munitions List in § 121.16 of this subchapter.
Authority: Sec. 2, 38, and 71, Pub. L. 90-629, 90 Stat. 744 (22 U.S.C. 2752, 2778, 2797); E.O. 11958, 42 FR 4311; 3 CFR 1977 Comp. p. 79; 22 U.S.C. 2658. Enumeration of Articles
(b) Significant military equipment: An asterisk precedes certain defense articles in the following list. The asterisk means that the article is deemed to be "significant military equipment" to the extent specified in § 120.19. The asterisk is placed as a convenience to help identify such articles.
(c) Certain items in the following list are placed in brackets. The brackets mean that the item is (1) scheduled to be moved to the licensing jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce upon establishment of a foreign policy control or (2) in the case of spacecraft and related equipment, the item is under review by an interagency space technical working group. The interagency review will result in a recommendation as to whether an item should be moved to the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce or to USML category XV which was established for this purpose.
(d) Missile Technology Control Regime Annex (MTCR). Certain defense articles and services are identified in § 121.16 as being on the list of MTCR Annex items on the United States Munitions List. These are articles as specified in § 120.29 of this subchapter and appear on the list at § 121.16.
*(a) Nonautomatic, semi-automatic and fully automatic firearms to caliber .50 inclusive, and all components and parts for such firearms. (See § 121.9 and §§ 123.16-123.19 of this subchapter.)
(b) Riflescopes manufactured to military specifications, and specifically designed or modified components therefor; firearm silencers and suppressors, including flash suppressors.
*(c) Insurgency-counterinsurgency type firearms or other weapons having a special military application (e.g. close assault weapons systems) regardless of caliber and all components and parts therefor.
(d) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated SME.
*(a) Guns over caliber .50, howitzers, mortars, and recoilless rifles.
*(b) Military flamethrowers and projectors.
(c) Components, parts, accessories and attachments for the articles in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this category, including but not limited to mounts and carriages for these articles.
(d) Technical data (as defined in 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated SME.
(b) Components, parts, accessories, and attachments for articles in paragraph (a) of this category, including but not limited to cartridge cases, powder bags, bullets, jackets, cores, shells (excluding shotgun shells), projectiles, boosters, fuzes and components therefor, primers, and other detonating devices for such ammunition. (See § 121.6.)
(c) Ammunition belting and linking machines.
*(d) Ammunition manufacturing machines and ammunition loading machines (except handloading ones).
(e) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated SME.
*(a) Rockets (including but not limited to meteorological and other sounding rockets), bombs, grenades, torpedoes, depth charges, land and naval mines, as well as launchers for such defense articles, and demolition blocks and blasting caps. (See § 121.11.)
*(b) Launch vehicles and missile and anti-missile systems including but not limited to guided, tactical and strategic missiles, launchers, and systems.
(c) Apparatus, devices, and materials for the handling, control, activation, monitoring, detection, protection, discharge, or detonation of the articles in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this category. (See § 121.5.)
*(d) Missile and space launch vehicle powerplants.
*(e) Military explosive excavating devices.
*(f) Ablative materials fabricated or semi-fabricated from advanced composites (e.g., silica, graphite, carbon, carbon/carbon, and boron filaments) for the articles in this category that are derived directly from or specifically developed or modified for defense articles.
*(g) Non/nuclear warheads for rockets and guided missiles.
(h) All specifically designed or modified components, parts, accessories, attachments, and associated equipment for the articles in this category.
(i) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (h) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated SME.
*(a) Military explosives. (See § 121.12.)
*(b) Military fuel thickeners. (See § 121.13.)
(c) Propellants for the articles in Categories III and IV of this section. (See § 121.14.)
(d) Military pyrotechnics, except pyrotechnic materials having dual military and commercial use.
(e) All compounds specifically formulated for the articles in this category.
(f) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated SME.
*(a) Warships, amphibious warfare vessels, landing craft, mine warfare vessels, patrol vessels, auxiliary vessels and service craft, experimental types of naval ships and any vessels specifically designed or modified for military purposes. (See § 121.15.)
*(b) Turrets and gun mounts, arresting gear, special weapons systems, protective systems, submarine storage batteries, catapults and other components, parts, attachments, and accessories specifically designed or modified for combatant vessels.
(c) Mine sweeping equipment, components, parts, attachments and accessories specifically designed or modified therefor.
(d) Harbor entrance detection devices, (magnetic, pressure, and acoustic ones) and controls and components therefor.
*(e) Naval nuclear propulsion plants, their land prototypes, and special facilities for their construction, support, and maintenance. This includes any machinery, device, component, or equipment specifically developed, designed or modified for use in such plants or facilities. (See § 123.21 of this subchapter)
(f) All specifically designed or modified components, parts, accessories, attachments, and associated equipment for the articles in this category.
(g) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (f) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated SME.
*(a) Military type armed or armored vehicles, military railway trains, and vehicles specifically designed or modified to accommodate mountings for arms or other specialized military equipment or fitted with such items.
*(b) Military tanks, combat engineer vehicles, bridge launching vehicles, half-tracks and gun carriers.
*(c) Self-propelled guns and howitzers.
(d) Military trucks, trailers, hoists, and skids specifically designed, modified, or equipped to mount or carry weapons of Categories I, II and IV or for carrying and handling the articles in paragraph (a) of Categories III and IV.
*(e) Military recovery vehicles.
*(f) Amphibious vehicles. (See § 121.4)
*(g) Engines specifically designed or modified for the vehicles in paragraphs (a), (b), (c), and (f) of this category.
(h) All specifically designed or modified components and parts, accessories, attachments, and associated equipment for the articles in this category, including but not limited to military bridging and deep water fording kits.
(i) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (h) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated SME.
*(a) Aircraft, including but not limited to helicopters, non-expansive balloons, drones, and lighter-than-air aircraft, which are specifically designed, modified, or equipped for military purposes. This includes but is not limited to the following military purposes: Gunnery, bombing, rocket or missile launching, electronic and other surveillance, reconnaissance, refueling, aerial mapping, military liaison, cargo carrying or dropping, personnel dropping, airborne warning and control, and military training. (See § 121.3.)
*(b) Military aircraft engines, except reciprocating engines, [and spacecraft engines] specifically designed or modified for the aircraft in paragraph (a) of this category.
*(c) Cartridge-actuated devices utilized in emergency escape of personnel and airborne equipment (including but not limited to airborne refueling equipment) specifically designed or modified for use with the aircraft, [spacecraft] and engines of the types in paragraphs (a), (b), [and (h)] of this category.
(d) Launching and recovery equipment for the articles in paragraph (a) [and (i)] of this category, if the equipment is specifically designed or modified for military use [or for use with spacecraft]. Fixed land-based arresting gear is not included in this category.
*(e) Inertial navigation systems, aided or hybrid inertial navigation systems, Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), and Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS) specifically designed, modified, or configured for military use and all specifically designed components, parts and accessories. For other inertial reference systems and related components refer to Category XII(d).
*(f) Developmental aircraft and components thereof which have a significant military applicability, excluding such aircraft and components that have been certified by the Federal Aviation Administration and determined through the commodity jurisdiction procedure specified in § 120.4 of this subchapter, to be subject to the export control jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce for purposes of section 17(c) of the Export Administration Act, as amended.
*(g) Ground effect machines (GEMS) specifically designed or modified for military use, including but not limited to surface effect machines and other air cushion vehicles, and all components, parts, and accessories, attachments, and associated equipment specifically designed or modified for use with such machines.
(h) * Spacecraft, including manned and unmanned, active and passive satellites (except those listed in Category XV).
[(i) Power supplies and energy sources specially designed or modified for spacecraft in paragraph (h).]
(j) Components, parts, accessories, attachments, and associated equipment (including ground support equipment) specifically designed or modified for the articles in paragraphs (a) through (i) of this category, excluding aircraft tires and propellors used with reciprocating engines.
(k) Technical Data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (j) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated SME.
[(l) Non-military aircraft inertial navigation systems, except those systems or components that are standard equipment in civil aircraft, including spare parts and spare units to be used exclusively for the maintenance of inertial navigation equipment incorporated in civil aircraft and that are certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as being an integral part of such aircraft.]
[(m) Technical data for the design, development, production or manufacture of inertial navigation equipment or its related parts, components or subsystems which are standard equipment in civil aircraft and which are certified by the Federal Aviation Administration as being an integral part of such aircraft. FAA certified inertial navigation systems and all other technical data associated with such systems is under the licensing jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce.]
(a) Military training equipment including but not limited to attack trainers, radar target trainers, radar target generators, gunnery training devices, antisubmarine warfare trainers, target equipment, armament training units, operational flight trainers, air combat training systems, radar trainers, navigation trainers, and simulation devices related to defense articles.
(b) Components, parts, accessories, attachments, and associated equipment specifically designed or modified for the articles in paragraph (a) of this category.
(c) Technical Data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this category. (See § 125.4 for exemptions.).
(a) Body armor specifically designed, modified or equipped for military use; articles, including but not limited to clothing, designed, modified or equipped to protect against or reduce detection by radar, infrared (IR) or other sensors; military helmets equipped with communications hardware, optical sights, slewing devices or mechanisms to protect against thermal flash or lasers, excluding standard military helmets.
(b) Partial pressure suits and liquid oxygen converters used in aircraft in Category VIII(a).
(c) Protective apparel and equipment specifically designed or modified for use with the articles in paragraphs (a) through (d) in Category XIV.
(d) Components, parts, accessories, attachments, and associated equipment specifically designed or modified for use with the articles in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this category.
(e) Technical Data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.)
(a) Electronic equipment not included in Category XII of the U.S. Munitions List which is specifically designed, modified or configured for military application. This equipment includes but is not limited to:
*(1) Underwater sound equipment to include active and passive detection, identification, tracking, and weapons control equipment.
*(2) Underwater acoustic active and passive countermeasures and counter-countermeasures.
(3) Radar systems, with capabilities such as:
*(i) Search,
*(ii) Acquisition,
*(iii) Tracking,
*(iv) Moving target indication,
*(v) Imaging radar systems,
(vi) Any ground air traffic control radar which is specifically designed or modified for military application.
*(4) Electronic combat equipment, such as:
(i) Active and passive countermeasures,
(ii) Active and passive counter-countermeasures, and
(iii) Radios (including transceivers) specifically designed or modified to interfere with other communication devices or transmissions.
*(5) Command, control and communications systems to include radios (transceivers), navigation, and identification equipment.
(6) Computers specifically designed or developed for military application and any computer specifically modified for use with any defense article in any category of the U.S. Munitions List.
(7) Any experimental or developmental electronic equipment specifically designed or modified for military application or specifically designed or modified for use with a military system.
*(b) Electronic systems or equipment specifically designed, modified, or configured for intelligence, security, or military purposes for use in search, reconnaissance, collection, monitoring, direction-finding, display, analysis and production of information from the electromagnetic spectrum and electronic systems or equipment designed or modified to counteract electronic surveillance or monitoring. A system meeting this definition is controlled under this subchapter even in instances where any individual pieces of equipment constituting the system may be subject to the controls of another U.S. Government agency. Such systems or equipment described above include, but are not limited to, those:
(1) Designed or modified to use cryptographic techniques to generate the spreading code for spread spectrum or hopping code for frequency agility. This does not include fixed code techniques for spread spectrum.
(2) Designed or modified using burst techniques (e.g., time compression techniques) for intelligence, security or military purposes.
(3) Designed or modified for the purpose of information security to suppress the compromising emanations of information-bearing signals. This covers TEMPEST suppression technology and equipment meeting or designed to meet government TEMPEST standards. This definition is not intended to include equipment designed to meet Federal Communications Commission (FCC) commercial electro-magnetic interference standards or equipment designed for health and safety.
[(c) Space electronics:
*(1) Electronic equipment specifically designed or modified for spacecraft and spaceflight, and
(2) Electronic equipment specifically designed or modified for use with non-military communications satellites.
(3) Components, parts, accessories, attachments, and associated equipment specifically designed or modified for use with the equipment in subparagraphs (1) and (2).]
(d) Components, parts, accessories, attachments, and associated equipment specifically designed or modified for use with the equipment in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this category, except for such items as are in normal commercial use.
(e) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated as SME.
*(a) Fire control systems; gun and missile tracking and guidance systems; gun range, position, height finders, spotting instruments and laying equipment; aiming devices (electronic, optic, and acoustic); bomb sights, bombing computers, military television sighting and viewing units, and periscopes for the articles of this section.
*(b) Lasers specifically designed, modified or configured for military application including those used in military communication devices, target designators and range finders, target detection systems, and directed energy weapons.
*(c) Infrared focal plane array detectors specifically designed, modified or configured for military use; image intensification and other night sighting equipment or systems specifically designed, modified, or configured for military use; second generation and above military image intensification tubes (defined below) specifically designed, developed, modified, or configured for military use, and, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet devices specifically designed, developed, modified, or configured for military application.
Note: Special Definition. For purposes of this subparagraph, second and third generation image intensifier tubes are defined as having:
A peak response within the 0.4 to 1.05 micron wavelength range and incorporating a microchannel plate for electron image amplification having a hole pitch (center-to-center spacing) of less than 25 microns, and having either:
(a) An S-20, S-25 or multialkali photocathode; or
(b) A semiconductor photocathode;
*(d) Inertial platforms and sensors for weapons or weapon systems; guidance, control and stabilization systems except for those systems covered in category VIII; astro-compasses and star trackers and military and [non-military] accelerometers and gyros. For aircraft inertial reference systems and related components refer to Category VIII.
[(e) Non-military second generation and above image intensification tubes, non-military infrared focal plane arrays, and image intensification tubes identified in paragraph (c) of this section when a part of a commercial system (i.e. those systems originally designed for commercial use). This does not include military systems comprised of non-military specification components.]
(f) Components, parts, accessories, attachments and associated equipment specifically designed or modified for the articles in paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and (d) of this category, except for such items as are in normal commercial use.
(g) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (f) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to manufacture and production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated as SME.
(a) Cameras [including space cameras] and specialized processing equipment therefor, photointerpretation, stereoscopic plotting, and photogrammetry equipment which are specifically designed or modified for military purposes, and components specifically designed or modified therefor;
(b) Information Security Systems and equipment, cryptographic devices, software, and components specifically designed or modified therefor, including:
(1) Cryptographic (including key management) systems, equipment, assemblies, modules, integrated circuits, components or software with the capability of maintaining secrecy or confidentiality of information or information systems, except cryptographic equipment and software as follows:
(i) Restricted to decryption functions specifically designed to allow the execution of copy protected software, provided the decryption functions are not user-accessible.
(ii) Specially designed, developed or modified for use in machines for banking or money transactions, and restricted to use only in such transactions. Machines for banking or money transactions include automatic teller machines, self-service statement printers, point of sale terminals or equipment for the encryption of interbanking transactions.
(iii) Employing only analog techniques to provide the cryptographic processing that ensures information security in the following applications:
(A) Fixed (defined below) band scrambling not exceeding 8 bands and in which the transpositions change not more frequently than once every second;
(B) Fixed (defined below) band scrambling exceeding 8 bands and in which the transpositions change not more frequently than once every ten seconds;
(C) Fixed (defined below) frequency inversion and in which the transpositions change not more frequently than once every second;
(D) Facsimile equipment;
(E) Restricted audience broadcast equipment;
(F) Civil television equipment.
Note: Special Definition. For purposes of this subparagraph, fixed means that the coding or compression algorithm cannot accept externally supplied parameters (e.g., cryptographic or key variables) and cannot be modified by the user.
(iv) Personalized smart cards using cryptography restricted for use only in equipment or systems exempted from the controls of the USML.
(v) Limited to access control, such as automatic teller machines, self-service statement printers or point of sale terminals, which protects password or personal identification numbers (PIN) or similar data to prevent unauthorized access to facilities but does not allow for encryption of files or text, except as directly related to the password of PIN protection.
(vi) Limited to data authentication which calculates a Message Authentication Code (MAC) or similar result to ensure no alteration of text has taken place, or to authenticate users, but does not allow for encryption of data, text or other media other than that needed for the authentication.
(vii) Restricted to fixed data compression or coding techniques.
(viii) Limited to receiving for radio broadcast, pay television or similar restricted audience television of the consumer type, without digital encryption and where digital decryption is limited to the video, audio or management functions.
(ix) Software designed or modified to protect against malicious computer damage, (e.g., viruses).
Note: A procedure has been established to facilitate the expeditious transfer to the Commodity Control List of mass market software products with encryption that meet specified criteria regarding encryption for the privacy of data and the associated key management. Requests to transfer commodity jurisdiction of mass market software products designed to meet the specified criteria may be submitted in accordance with the commodity jurisdiction provisions of § 120.4. Questions regarding the specified criteria or the commodity jurisdiction process should be addressed to the Office of Defense Trade Controls. All mass market software products with cryptography that were previously granted transfers of commodity jurisdiction will remain under Department of Commerce control. Mass market software governed by this note is software that is generally available to the public by being sold from stock at retail selling points, without restriction, by means of over the counter transactions, mail order transactions, or telephone call transactions; and designed for installation by the user without further substantial support by the supplier.
(2) Cryptographic (including key management) systems, equipment, assemblies, modules, integrated circuits, components or software which have the capability of generating spreading or hopping codes for spread spectrum systems or equipment.
(3) Cryptanalytic systems, equipment, assemblies, modules, integrated circuits, components or software.
(4) Systems, equipment, assemblies, modules, integrated circuits, components or software providing certified or certifiable multi-level security or user isolation exceeding class B2 of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) and software to certify such systems, equipment or software.
(5) Ancillary equipment specifically designed or modified for paragraphs (b) (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) of this category;
(c) Self-contained diving and underwater breathing apparatus as follows:
(1) Closed and semi-closed circuits (rebreathing) apparatus;
(2) Specially designed components for use in the conversion of open-circuit apparatus to military use; and
(3) Articles exclusively designed for military use with self-contained diving and underwater swimming apparatus.
(d) Carbon/carbon billets and preforms which are reinforced with continuous unidirectional tows, tapes, or woven cloths in three or more dimensional planes (i.e. 3D, 4D, etc.). This is exclusive of carbon/carbon billets and preforms where reinforcement in the third dimension is limited to interlocking of adjacent layers only, and carbon/carbon 3D, 4D, etc. end items which have not been specifically designed or modified for defense articles (e.g., brakes for commercial aircraft or high speed trains). Armor (e.g., organic, ceramic, metallic), and reactive armor which has been specifically designed or modified for defense articles. Structural materials including carbon/carbon and metal matrix composites, plate, forgings, castings, welding consumables and rolled and extruded shapes which have been specifically designed or modified for defense articles.
(e) Concealment and deception equipment, including but not limited to special paints, decoys, and simulators and components, parts and accessories specifically designed or modified therefor.
(f) Energy conversion devices for producing electrical energy from nuclear, thermal, or solar energy, or from chemical reaction which are specifically designed or modified for military application.
(g) Chemiluminescent compounds and solid state devices specifically designed or modified for military application.
(h) Devices embodying particle beam and electromagnetic pulse technology and associated components and subassemblies (e.g., ion beam current injectors, particle accelerators for neutral or charged particles, beam handling and projection equipment, beam steering, fire control, and pointing equipment, test and diagnostic instruments, and targets) which are specifically designed or modified for directed energy weapon applications.
(i) Metal embrittling agents.
*(j) Hardware and equipment, which has been specifically designed or modified for military applications, that is associated with the measurement or modification of system signatures for detection of defense articles. This includes but is not limited to signature measurement equipment; prediction techniques and codes; signature materials and treatments; and signature control design methodology.
(k) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) related to the defense articles listed in this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions; see also § 123.21 of this subchapter). Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated as SME.
*(a) Chemical agents, including but not limited to lung irritants, vesicants, lachrymators, tear gases (except tear gas formulations containing 1% or less CN or CS), sternutators and irritant smoke, and nerve gases and incapacitating agents. (See § 121.7.)
*(b) Biological agents.
*(c) Equipment for dissemination, detection, and identification of, and defense against, the articles in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this category.
*(d) Nuclear radiation detection and measuring devices, manufactured to military specification.
(e) Components, parts, accessories, attachments, and associated equipment specifically designed or modified for the articles in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this category.
(f) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (e) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions; see also § 123.21 of this subchapter). Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated as SME.
*(a) Spacecraft and associated hardware, including ground support equipment, specifically designed or modified for military use.
(b)(1) [Reserved]
(2) Communications satellites (excluding ground stations and their associated equipment and technical data not enumerated elsewhere in § 121.1 of this subchapter; for controls on such ground stations, see the Commerce Control List) with any of the following characteristics:
(i) Anti-jam capability. Antennas and/or antenna systems with ability to respond to incoming interference by adaptively reducing antenna gain in the direction of the interference.
(ii) Antennas:
(A). With aperture (overall dimension of the radiating portions of the antenna) greater than 30 feet; or
(B). With sidelobes less than or equal to -35dB; or
(C). Designed, modified, or configured to provide coverage area on the surface of the earth less than 200 nm in diameter, where "coverage area" is defined as that area on the surface of the earth that is illuminated by the main beam width of the antenna (which is the angular distance between half power points of the beam).
(iii) Designed, modified or configured for intersatellite data relay links that do not involve a ground relay terminal ("cross-links").
(iv) Spaceborne baseband processing equipment that uses any technique other than frequency translation which can be changed several times a day on a channel by channel basis among previously assigned fixed frequencies.
(v) Employing any of the cryptographic items controlled under Category XIII (b) of this subchapter.
(vi) Employing radiation-hardened devices controlled elsewhere in § 121.1 that are not "embedded in the satellite in such a way as to deny physical access. (Here "embedded" means that the device either cannot feasibly be removed from the satellite or be used for other purposes.)
(vii) Having propulsion systems which permit acceleration of the satellite on-orbit (i.e., after mission orbit injection) at rates greater than 0.1g.
(viii) Having attitude control and determination systems designed to provide spacecraft pointing determination and control better than 0.02 degrees azimuth and elevation.
(ix) Having orbit transfer engines ("kick-motors") which remain permanently with the spacecraft and are capable of being restarted after achievement of mission orbit and providing acceleration greater than 1g. (Orbit transfer engines which are not designed, built, and shipped as an integral part of the satellite are controlled under Category IV of this subchapter.)
(c) Global Positioning System (GPS) receiving equipment specifically designed, modified or configured for military use; or GPS receiving equipment with any of the following characteristics:
(1) Designed for encryption or decryption (e.g., Y-Code) of GPS precise positioning service (PPS) signals;
(2) Designed for producing navigation results above 60,000 feet altitude and at 1,000 knots velocity or greater;
(3) Specifically designed or modified for use with a null steering antenna or including a null steering antenna designed to reduce or avoid jamming signals;
(4) Designed or modified for use with unmanned air vehicle systems capable of delivering at least a 500 kg payload to a range of at least 300 km.
Note: GPS receivers designed or modified for use with military unmanned air vehicle systems with less capability are considered to be specifically designed, modified or configured for military use and therefore covered under this subparagraph.
Any GPS equipment not meeting this definition is subject to the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce (DOC). Manufacturers or exporters of equipment under DOC jurisdiction are advised that the U.S. Government does not assure the availability of the GPS P-Code for civil navigation. It is the policy of the Department of Defense (DOD) that GPS receivers using P-Code without clarification as to whether or not those receivers were designed or modified to use Y-Code will be presumed to be Y-Code capable and covered under this subparagraph. The DOD policy further requires that a notice be attached to all P-Code receivers presented for export. The notice must state the following: "ADVISORY NOTICE: This receiver uses the GPS P-Code signal, which by U.S. policy, may be switched off without notice."
(d) Components, parts, accessories, attachments, and associated equipment (including ground support equipment) specifically designed, modified or configure for the articles in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this category, as well as for any satellites under the export licensing jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce, except as noted below.
Explanatory Note
This language is not intended to preclude a license application of a complete satellite that is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce from including in that license application any directly associated components, parts, accessories, attachments and associated equipment (including ground support equipment) unless such items are specifically identified for control in paragraph (a) or (b) of this category or any other category of § 121.1 of this subchapter. It is understood that spares, replacement parts, ground support and test equipment, payload adapter/interface hardware, etc. are typically provided as part of a satellite launch campaign; however, such items are only exempt from USML licensing when their intended use is directly related to supporting the Commerce-licensed satellite launch campaign. Once the satellite has been successfully launched, it is understood that such items remaining unlaunched will be returned to the United States.
(e) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exceptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated SME. In addition, detailed design, development, production or manufacturing data for all spacecraft systems and specifically designed or modified components thereof, regardless of which U.S. Government agency has jurisdiction for export of the hardware. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exceptions.) This restriction does not include that level of technical data (including marketing data) necessary and reasonable for a purchaser to have assurance that a U.S.-built item intended to operate in space has been designed, manufactured and tested in conformance with specified contract requirements (e.g., operational performance, reliability, lifetime, product quality, or delivery expectations) and data necessary to evaluate in-orbit anomalies and to operate and maintain associated ground equipment.
*(a) Any article, material, equipment, or device which is specifically designed or modified for use in the design, development, or fabrication of nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices. (See § 123.21 of this subchapter and Department of Commerce Export Regulations, 15 CFR part 778).
*(b) Any article, material, equipment, or device which is specifically designed or modified for use in the devising, carrying out, or evaluating of nuclear weapons tests or any other nuclear explosions, except such items as are in normal commercial use for other purposes.
(c) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (b) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated SME.
*(a) All articles, technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) relating thereto which are classified in the interests of national security and which are not otherwise enumerated in the U.S. Munitions List.
*(a) Submersible vessels, manned or unmanned, tethered or untethered, designed or modified for military purposes, or powered by nuclear propulsion plants.
*(b) Swimmer delivery vehicles designed or modified for military purposes.
(c) Equipment, components, parts, accessories, and attachments specifically designed or modified for any of the articles in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this category.
(d) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this category. (See § 125.4 of this subchapter for exemptions.) Technical data directly related to the manufacture or production of any defense articles enumerated elsewhere in this category that are designated as Significant Military Equipment (SME) shall itself be designated as SME.
(a) Any article not specifically enumerated in the other categories of the U.S. Munitions List which has substantial military applicability and which has been specifically designed or modified for military purposes. The decision on whether any article may be included in this category shall be made by the Directo of the Office of Defense Trade Controls.
(b) Technical data (as defined in § 120.21 of this subchapter) and defense services (as defined in § 120.8 of this subchapter) directly related to the defense articles enumerated in paragraphs (a) of this category.
(a) Cargo aircraft bearing "C" designations and numbered C-45 through C-118 inclusive, C-121 through C-125 inclusive, and C-131, using reciprocating engines only.
(b) Trainer aircraft bearing "T" designations and using reciprocating engines or turboprop engines with less than 600 horsepower (s.h.p.)
(c) Utility aircraft bearing "U" designations and using reciprocating engines only.
(d) All liaison aircraft bearing an "L" designation.
(e) All observation aircraft bearing "O" designations and using reciprocating engines.
(a) Lung irritants:
(1) Diphenylcyanoarsine (DC).
(2) Fluorine (but not fluorene).
(3) Trichloronitro methane (chloropicrin PS).
(b) Vesicants:
(1) B-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine (Lewisite, L).
(2) Bis(dichloroethyl)sulphide (Mustard Gas, HD or H).
(3) Ethyldichloroarsine (ED).
(4) Methyldichloroarsine (MD).
(c) Lachrymators and tear gases:
(1) A-Bromobenzyl cyanide (BBC).
(2) Chloroacetophenone (CN).
(3) Dibromodimethyl ether.
(4) Dichlorodimethyl ether (ClCi).
(5) Ethyldibromoarsine.
(6) Phenylcarbylamine chloride.
(7) Tear gas solutions (CNB and CNS).
(8) Tear gas orthochlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS).
(d) Sternutators and irritant smokes:
(1) Diphenylamine chloroarsine (Adamsite, DM).
(2) Diphenylchloroarsine (BA).
(3) Liquid pepper.
(e) Nerve agents, gases and aerosols. These are toxic compounds which affect the nervous system, such as:
(1) Dimethylaminoethoxycyanophosphine oxide (GA).
(2) Methylisopropoxyfluorophosphine oxide (GB).
(3) Methylpinacolyloxyfluoriphosphine oxide (GD).
(f) Antiplant chemicals, such as: Butyl 2-chloro-4-fluorophenoxyacetate (LNF).
(b) A component is an item which is useful only when used in conjunction with an end-item. A major component includes any assembled element which forms a portion of an end-item without which the end-item is inoperable. (Example: Airframes, tail sections, transmissions, tank treads, hulls, etc.) A minor component includes any assembled element of a major component.
(c) Accessories and attachments are associated equipment for any component, end-item or system, and which are not necessary for their operation, but which enhance their usefulness or effectiveness. (Examples: Military riflescopes, special paints, etc.)
(d) A part is any single unassembled element of a major or a minor component, accessory, or attachment which is not normally subject to disassembly without the destruction or the impairment of design use. (Examples: Rivets, wire, bolts, etc.)
(e) Firmware and any related unique support tools (such as computers, linkers, editors, test case generators, diagnostic checkers, library of functions and system test diagnostics) specifically designed for equipment or systems covered under any category of the U.S. Munitions List are considered as part of the end-item or component. Firmware includes but is not limited to circuits into which software has been programmed.
(f) Software includes but is not limited to the system functional design, logic flow, algorithms, application programs, operating systems and support software for design, implementation, test, operation, diagnosis and repair. A person who intends to export software only should, unless it is specifically enumerated in § 121.1 (e.g., XIII(b)), apply for a technical data license pursuant to part 125 of this subchapter.
(g) A system is a combination of end-items, components, parts, accessories, attachments, firmware or software, specifically designed, modified or adapted to operate together to perform a specialized military function.
(b) A firearm is a weapon not over .50 caliber which is designed to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive or which may be readily converted to do so.
(c) A rifle is a shoulder firearm which can discharge a bullet through a rifled barrel 16 inches or longer.
(d) A carbine is a lightweight shoulder firearm with a barrel under 16 inches in length.
(e) A pistol is a hand-operated firearm having a chamber integral with or permanently aligned with the bore.
(f) A revolver is a hand-operated firearm with a revolving cylinder containing chambers for individual cartridges.
(g) A submachine gun, "machine pistol" or "machine gun" is a firearm originally designed to fire, or capable of being fired, fully automatically by a single pull of the trigger.
(a) Electric squibs.
(b) No. 6 and No. 8 blasting caps, including electric ones.
(c) Delay electric blasting caps (including No. 6 and No. 8 millisecond ones).
(d) Seismograph electric blasting caps (including SSS, Static-Master, Vibrocap SR, and SEISMO SR).
(e) Oil well perforating devices.
(1) Spherical aluminium powder of particle size 60 micrometres or less
manufactured from material with an aluminum content of 99% or more;
(2) Metal fuels in particle sizes less than 60 micrometres whether spherical, atomized, spheroidal, flaked or ground, consisting of 99% or more of any of the following: Zirconium, boron, magnesium and alloys of these; beryllium; fine iron powder with average particle size of 3 micrometres or less produced by reduction of iron oxide with hydrogen;
(3) Any of the foregoing metals or alloys listed in (a) (1) and (2) of this section, whether or not encapsulated in aluminum, magnesium, zirconium or beryllium;
(4) Perchlorates, chlorates and chromates composited with powdered metal or other high energy fuel components;
(5) Nitroglycerin;
(6) Trinitrophenylmenthylnitramine (TETRYL);
(7) Trinitrotoluene (TNT);
(8) Nitroguanidine (NQ);
(9) With the exception of chlorinetrifluoride, compounds composed of fluorine and one or more of the following: other halogens, oxygen, nitrogen;
(10) Carboranes; decaborane; pentaborane and derivatives;
(11) Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX); octahydro-1, 3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazine; 1,3,5,7-tetranitro- 1,3,5,7-tetraza-cyclooctane; (octogen, octogene);
(12) Hexanitrostilbene (HNS);
(13) Diaminotrinitrobenzene (DATB);
(14) Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB);
(15) Triaminoguanidinenitrate (TAGN);
(16) Titanium subhydride of stiochiometry TiH sub 0.65-1.68;
(17) Dinitroglycoluril (DNGU, DINGU); tetranitroglycoluril TNGU, SORGUYL);
(18) Tetranitrobenzotriazolobenzotriazole (TACOT);
(19) Diaminohexanitrobiphenyl (DIPAM);
(20) Picrylaminodinitropyridine (PYX);
(21) 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO or ONTA);
(22) Hydrazine in concentrations of 70% or more; hydrazine nitrate; hydrazine perchlorates; unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine; monomethyl hydrazine; symmetrical dimethyl hydrazine;
(23) Ammonium perchlorate;
(24) 2-(5-cyanotetrazolato) penta amminecobalt (III) perchlorate (CP);
(25) cis-bis (5-nitrotetrazolato) penta amminecobalt (III) perchlorate (or BNCP);
(26) 7-amino 4,6-dinitrobenzofurazane-1-oxide (ADNBF); amino dinitrobenzofuroxan;
(27) 5,7-diamino-4,6-dinitrobenzofurazane-1-oxide, (CL-14 or diaminodinitrobenzofuroxan);
(28) 2,4,6-trinitro-2,4,6-triaza-cyclo-hexanone (K-6 or keto-RDX);
(29) 2,4,6,8-tetranitro-2,4,6,8-tetraaza-bicyclo (3,3,0)-octanone-3(tetranitrosemiglycoluril, K-55, or keto-bicyclic HMX);
(30) 1,1,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ);
(31) 1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin (TNAD);
(32) Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20 or HNIW; and clathrates of CL-20);
(33) Polynitrocubane with more than four nitro groups;
(34) Ammonium dinitramide (ADN or SR-12);
(35) Cyclotrimethylentrinitramine (RDX); cyclonite; T4; hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine; 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triaza-cyclohexane; hexogen, hexogene;
(36) Hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN); hydroxylammonium perchlorate (HAP);
(37) Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN);
(38) Hydroxy terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) with a hydroxyl functionality of 2.28, a hydroxyl value of less than 0.77 meq/g, and a viscosity at 30 degrees C of less than 47 poise;
(b) "Additives" include the following:
(1) Glycidylazide Polymer (GAP) and its derivatives;
(2) Polycyanodifluoroaminoethyleneoxide (PCDE);
(3) Butanetrioltrinitrate (BTTN);
(4) Bis-2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethylformal (FEFO);
(5) Catocene, N-butyl-ferrocene and other ferrocene derivatives;
(6) Bis(2, 2-dinitropropyl) formal and acetal;
(7) Energetic monomers, plasticisers and polymers containing nitro, azido, nitrate, nitraza or difluroamino groups;
(8) 1,2,3-Tris [1,2-bis(difluoroamino)ethoxy] propane; Tris vinoxy propane adduct, (TVOPA);
(9) Bisazidomethyloxetane (BAMO) and its polymers;
(10) Nitratomethylmethyloxetane (NMMO) Azidomethylmethyloxetane (AMMO);
(11) Tetraethylenepentamine- acrylonitrile (TEPAN); cyanoethylated polyamine and its salts;
(12) Tetraethylenepentamineacryloni-trileglycidol (TEPANOL); cyanoethylated polyamine adducted with glycidol and its salts;
(13) Polyfunctional aziridine amides with isophthalic, trimesic (BITA or butylene imine trimesamide isoyanuric), or trimethyladipic backbone structures and 2-methyl or 2-ethyl substitutions on the aziridine ring;
(14) Basic copper salicylate; lead salicylate;
(15) Lead beta resorcylate;
(16) Lead stannate, lead maleate, lead citrate;
(17) Tris-1-(2-methyl)aziridinyl phosphine oxide (MAPO) and its derivatives;
(18) Organo-metallic coupling agents, specifically:
(i) Neopentyl (diallyl) oxy, tri [dioctyl] phosphato titanate or titanium IV, 2,2[bis 2-propenolatomethyl, butanolato or tris [dioctyl] phosphato-O], or LICA 12;
(ii) Titanium IV, [(2-propenolato-1)methyl, N-propanolatomethyl] butanolato-1; or tris(dioctyl)pyrophosphato, or KR3538;
(iii) Titanium IV, [(2-propenolato-1)methyl, N-propanolatomethyl] butanolato-1; or tris(dioyctyl) phosphate;
(19) FPF-1 (poly-[2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro pentane-1,5-diolformal]);
(20) FPF-3 (poly-[2,4,4,5,5,6,6-heptafluoro-2- trifluoromethyl-3-oxaheptane-1,7-diolformal]);
(21) Polyglycidylnitrate (PGN);
(22) Lead-copper chelates of beta-resorcylate and/or salicylates;
(23) Triphenyl bismuth (TPB);
(24) bis-2-hydroxyethylglycolamide (BHEGA);
(25) Superfine iron oxide with a specific surface area greater than 250 m sup 2 /g and an average particle size of 0.0003 micrometres or less;
(c) "Precursors" include the following:
(1) 1,2,4-trihydroxybutane (1,2,4-butanetriol);
(2) 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene;
(3) Bischloromethyloxetane (BCMO);
(4) Low (less than 10,000) molecular weight, alcohol-functionalised, poly(ephichlorohydrin); poly(ephichlorhydrindiol); diol and triol;
(5) Propyleneimide, 2-methylaziridine;
(6) 1,3,5,7,-tetraacetyl-1,3,5,7-tetraaza-cyclooctane (TAT);
(7) Dinitroazetidine-t-butyl salt;
(8) Hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW);
(9) Tetraacetyldi- benzyl- hexaazaiso- wurtzitane (TAIW);
(10) 1,4,5,8-tetraazadecaline.
(d) Stabilisers include the following;
(1) N-Methyl-p-nitroaniline;
(2) Protech.
(e) Any substance or mixture meeting the following performance requirements:
(1) Any explosive with a detonation velocity greater than 8,700 m/s or a detonation pressure greater than 340 kilobars;
(2) Other organic high explosives yielding detonation pressures of 250 kilobars or greater that will remain stable at temperatures of 523 K (250 degrees C) or higher for periods of 5 minutes or longer;
(3) Any other UN Class 1.1 solid propellant with a theoretical specific impulse (under standard conditions) greater than 250 seconds for non-metallized, or greater than 270 seconds for aluminized compositions;
(4) Any UN Class 1.3 solid propellant with a theoretical specific impulse greater than 230 seconds for non-halogenized, 250 seconds for non-metallized and 266 seconds for metallized compositions;
(5) Any other explosive, propellant or pyrotechnic that can sustain a steady-state burning rate greater than 38mm (1.5 in) per second under standard conditions of 68.9 bar (1,000 PSI) pressure and 294K (21 degrees C);
(6) Any other gun propellants having a force constant greater than 1,200 kJ/kg;
(7) Elastomer modified cast double based propellants (EMCDB) with extensibility at maximum stress greater than 5% at 233 K or (-40 degrees C).
(f) Liquid oxidizers, as follows:
(1) Enriched nitric acid (inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA));
(2) Oxyfluoride.
(a) Propellant powders, including smokeless shotgun powder.
(b) Hydrazine (including Monomethyl hydrazine and symmetrical dimethyl hydrazine, but excluding hydrazine hydrate).
(c) Unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine.
(d) Hydrogen peroxide of over 85 percent concentration.
(e) Nitroguanidine or picrite.
(f) Nitrocellulose with nitrogen content of over 12.20 percent.
(g) Nitrogen tetroxide (nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen tetroxide).
(h) Other solid propellant compositions, including but not limited to, the following:
(1) Single base (nitrocellulose).
(2) Double base (nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin).
(3) Triple base (nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, nitroguanidine).
(4) Composite of nitroglycerin, ammonium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, nitronium perchlorate, guanidine (guanidinium) perchlorate, nitrogen tetroxide, ammonium nitrite or nitrocellulose with plastics, metal fuels, or rubbers added; and compounds composed only of fluorine and halogens, oxygen, or nitrogen.
(5) Special purpose high energy solid military fuels with a chemical base.
(i) Other liquid propellant compositions, including but not limited to, the following:
(1) Monopropellants (hydrazine, hydrazine nitrate, and water).
(2) Bipropellants (hydrazine, fuming nitric acid HNO(3)).
(3) Special purpose chemical base high energy liquid military fuels and oxidizers.
(a) Combatant vessels.
(1) Warships (including nuclear-powered versions):
(i) Aircraft carriers.
(ii) Battleships.
(iii) Cruisers.
(iv) Destroyers.
(v) Frigates.
(vi) Submarines.
(2) Other Combatants.
(i) Patrol Combatants (e.g., including but not limited to PHM).
(ii) Amphibious Aircraft/Landing Craft Carriers.
(iii) Amphibious Materiel/Landing Craft Carriers.
(iv) Amphibious Command Ships.
(v) Mine Warfare Ships.
(vi) Coast Guard Cutters (i.e. WHEC’s and WMEC’s).
(b) Auxiliaries.
(1) Combat Logistics Support.
(i) Underway Replenishment Ships.
(ii) Surface Vessel and Submarine Tender/Repair Ships.
(2) Support Ships.
(i) Submarine Rescue Ships.
(ii) Other Auxiliaries (e.g., including but not limited to: AGDS, AGF, AGM, AGOR, AGOS, AGS, AH, AP, ARC, ARL, AVB, AVM, AVT).
(c) Combatant Craft.
(1) Patrol Craft.
(i) Coastal Patrol Combatants.
(ii) River, Roadstead Craft (including swimmer delivery craft).
(iii) Coast Guard Patrol Craft.
(2) Amphibious Warfare Craft.
(i) Landing Craft (e.g., including but not limited to: LCAC, LCM, LCPL, LCU, LWT, SLWT).
(ii) Special Warfare Craft (e.g., including but not limited to: LSSC, MSSC, SDV, SWCL, SWCM).
(3) Mine Warfare Craft.
(i) Mine Countermeasures Craft (e.g., including but not limited to: MCT, MSB).
(d) Support and Service Vessels.
(1) Miscellaneous (e.g., including but not limited to: APL, DSRV, DSV, IX, WIX, NR, YFRT, YHLC, YP, YR, YRB, YRDH, YRDM, YRR, YSD).
Complete rocket systems (including ballistic missile systems, space launch vehicles, and sounding rockets (see § 121.1, Cat. IV(a) and (b)) and unmanned air vehicle systems (including cruise missile systems see § 121.1, Cat. VIII (a), target drones and reconnaisance drones (see § 121.1, Cat. VIII (a)) capable of delivering at least a 500 kg payload to a range of at least 300 km.
Complete subsystems usable in the systems in Item 1 as follows:
(a) Individual rocket stages (see § 121.1, Cat. IV(h));
(b) Reentry vehicles (see § 121.1, Cat. IV(g)), and equipment designed or modified therefor, as follows, except as provided in Note (1) below for those designed for non-weapon payloads;
(1) Heat shields and components thereof fabricated of ceramic or ablative materials (see § 121.1, Cat. IV(f));
(2) Heat sinks and components thereof fabricated of light-weight, high heat capacity materials;
(3) Electronic equipment specially designed for reentry vehicles (see § 121.1, Cat. XI(a)(7));
(c) Solid or liquid propellant rocket engines, having a total impulse capacity of 1.1 x 10 N-sec (2.5 x 10 lb-sec) or greater (see § 121.1, Cat. IV, (h)).
(d) "Guidance sets" capable of achieving system accuracy of 3.33 percent or less of the range (e.g., a CEP of 1 j,. or less at a range of 300 km), except as provided in Note (1) below for those designed for missiles with a range under 300 km or manned aircraft (see § 121.1, Cat. XII(d));
(e) Thrust vector control sub-systems, except as provided in Note (1) below for those designed for rocket systems that do not exceed the range/payload capability of Item 1 (see § 121.1, Cat. IV);
(f) Warhead safing, arming, fuzing, and firing mechanisms, except as provided in Note (1) below for those designed for systems other than those in Item 1 (see § 121.1, Cat. IV(h)).
(1) The exceptions in (b), (d), (e), and (f) above may be treated as Category II if the subsystem is exported subject to end use statements and quantity limits appropriate for the excepted end use stated above.
(2) CEP (circle of equal probability) is a measure of accuracy, and defined as the radius of the circle centered at the target, at a specific range, in which 50 percent of the payloads impact.
(3) A "guidance set" integrates the process of measuring and computing a vehicle’s position and velocity (i.e. navigation) with that of computing and sending commands to the vehicle’s flight control systems to correct the trajectory.
(4) Examples of methods of achieving thrust vector control which are covered by (e) include:
(i) Flexible nozzle;
(ii) Fluid or secondary gas injection;
(iii) Movable engine or nozzle;
(iv) Deflection of exhaust gas stream (jet vanes or probes); or
(v) Use of thrust tabs.
Propulsion components and equipment usable in the systems in Item 1, as follows:
(a) Lightweight turbojet and turbofan engines (including) turbocompound engines) that are small and fuel efficient (see § 121.1, both Cat. IV(h) and VIII(b));
(b) Ramjet/Scramjet/pulse jet/combined cycle engines, including devices to regulate combustion, and specially designed components therefor (see § 121.1, both Cat. IV(h) and Cat. VIII(b));
(c) Rocket motor cases, "interior lining", "insulation" and nozzles therefor (see § 121.1, Cat. IV(h) and Cat. V(c));
(d) Staging mechanisms, separation mechanisms, and interstages therefor (see § 121.1, Cat. IV(c) and (h));
(e) Liquid and slurry propellant (including oxidizers) control systems, and specially designed components therefor, designed or modified to operate in vibration environments of more than 100 g RMS between 20 Hz and,000 Hz (see § 121.1, Cat. IV(c) and (h));
(f) Hybrid rocket motors and specially designed components therefor (see § 121.1, Cat. IV(h)).
(1) Item 3(a) engines may be exported as part of a manned aircraft or in quantities appropriate for replacement parts for manned aircraft.
(2) In Item 3(C), "interior lining" suited for the bond interface between the solid propellant and the case or insulating liner is usually a liquid polymer based dispersion of refractory or insulating materials, e.g., carbon filled HTPB or other polymer with added curing agents to be sprayed or screeded over a case interior (see § 121.1, Cat. V(c)).
(3) In Item 3(c), "insulation" intended to be applied to the components of a rocket motor, i.e., the case, nozzle inlets, case closures, includes cured or semi-cured compounded rubber sheet stock containing an insulating or refractory material. It may also be incorporated as stress relief boots or flaps.
(4) The only servo valves and pumps covered in (e) above, are the following:
(i) Servo valves designed for flow rates of 24 liters per minute or greater, at an absolute pressure of 7,000 kPa (1,000 psi) or greater, that have an actuator response time of less than 100 msec;
(ii) Pumps, for liquid propellants, with shaft speeds equal to or greater than 8,000 RPM or with discharge pressures equal to or greater than 7,000 kPa (1,000 psi).
(5) Item 3(e) systems and components may be exports as part of a satellite.
Propellants and constituent chemicals for propellants as follows: (see § 121.1, Cat. V(c) and § 121.12 and § 121.14).
(a) Propulsive substances:
(1) Hydrazine with a concentration of more than 70 percent and its derivatives including monomethylhydrazine (MMH) (see § 121.12(a)(22));
(2) Unsymmetric dimethylhydrazine (UDHM) (see § 121.12(a)(22));
(3) Ammonium perchlorate (see § 121.12(a)(23));
(4) Spherical aluminum powder with particle of uniform diameter of less than 500 x 10-m (500 micrometer) and an aluminum content of 97 percent or greater (see § 121.12(a)(1));
(5) Metal fuels in particle sizes less than 500 x 10-m (500 Microns), whether spherical, atomized, spheroidal, flaked or ground, consisting of 97 percent or more of any of the following: zirconium, beryllium, boron, magnesium, zinc, and alloys of these (see § 121.12(a)(2));
(6) Nitro-amines (cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramene (HMX) (see § 121.12(a)(11)), cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine (RDX)) (see 121.12(a)(35));
(7) Perchlorates, chlorates or chromates mixed with powdered metals or other high energy fuel components (see § 121.12(a)(4);
(8) Carboranes, decaboranes, pentaboranes and derivatives thereof (see § 121.12(a)(10);
(9) Liquid oxidizers, as follows:
(i) Nitrogen dioxide/dinitrogen tetroxide (see § 121.14.(g));
(ii) Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid (IRFNA) (see § 121.12(f)(1);
(iii) Compounds composed of flourine and one or more of other halogens, oxygen or nitrogen (see § 121.12(a)(9).
(b) Polymeric substances:
(2) Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) (see § 121.12(a)(38);
(3) Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) (see § 121.12(b)(1)).
(c) Other high energy density propellants such as, Boron Slurry, having an energy density of 40 x 10 joules/kg or greater (see § 121.12(a)(3)).
(d) Other propellant additives and agents:
(1) Bonding agents as follows:
(i) tris(1-(2-methyl)aziridinyl phosphine oxide (MAPO) (see § 121.12(b)(17));
(ii) trimesol-1(2-ethyl)aziridine (HX-868, BITA) (see § 121.12(b)(13));
(iii) "Tepanol" (HX-878), reaction product of tetraethylenepentamine, acrylonitrile and glycidol (see § 121.12.(b)(11));
(iv) "Tepan" (HX-879), Reaction product of tet enepentamine and acrylonitrile (see § 121.12(b)(11));
(v) Polyfunctional aziridene amides with isophthalic, trimesic, isocyanuric, or trimethyladipic backbone also having a 2-methyl or 2-ethyl aziridine group (HX-752, HX-872 and HX-877). (see § 121.12(b)(13)).
(2) Curing agents and catalysts as follows:
(i) Triphenyl bismuth (TPB) (see § 121.12(b)(23));
(3) Burning rate modifiers as follows:
(i) Catocene (see § 121.12(b)(5));
(ii) N-butyl-ferrocene (see § 121.12(b)(5));
(iii) Other ferrocene derivatives (see § 121.12(b)).
(4) Nitrate esters and nitrato plasticizers as follows:
(i) 1,2,4-butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN) (see § 121.12(b)(3));
(5) Stabilizers as follows:
(i) N-methyl-p-nitroaniline (see § 121.12(d)(1)).
Structural materials usable in the systems in Item 1, as follows:
(a) Composite structures, laminates, and manufactures thereof, including resin impregnated fibre prepregs and metal coated fibre preforms therefor, specially designed for use in the systems in Item 1 and the subsystems in Item 2 made either with organix matrix or metal matrix utilizing fibrous or filamentary reinforcements having a specific tensile strength greater than 7.62 x 10 4 m (3 x 10 6 inches) and a specific modules greater than 3.18 x 10 6 m (1.25 x 10 8 inches), (see § 121.1, Category IV (f), and Category XIII (d));
(b) Resaturated pyrolized (i.e. carbon-carbon) materials designed for rocket systems, (see § 121.1 Category IV (f));
(c) Fine grain recrystallized bulk graphites (with a bulk density of at least 1.72 g/cc measured at 15 degrees C), pyrolytic, or fibrous reinforced graphites useable for rocket nozzles and reentry vehicle nose tips (see § 121.1, Category IV (f) and Category XIII;
(d) Ceramic composites materials (dielectric constant less than 6 at frequencies from 100 Hz to 10,000 MHz) for use in missile radomes, and bulk machinable silicon-carbide reinforced unfired ceramic useable for nose tips (see § 121.1, Category IV (f));
Instrumentation, navigation and direction finding equipment and systems, and associated production and test equipment as follows; and specially designed components and software therefor:
(a) Integrated flight instrument systems, which include gyrostabilizers or automatic pilots and integration software therefor; designed or modified for use in the systems in Item 1 (See § 121.1, Category XII(d));
(b) Gyro-astro compasses and other devices which derive position or orientation by means of automatically tracking celestrial bodies or satellites (see § 121.1, Category XV(d));
(c) Accelerometers with a threshold of 0.05 g or less, or a linearity error within 0.25 percent of full scale output, or both, which are designed for use in inertial navigation systems or in guidance systems of all types (see § 121.1, Category VIII(e) and Category XII (d));
(d) All types of gyros usable in the systems in Item 1, with a rated drift rate stability of less than 0.5 degree (1 sigma or rms) per hour in a 1 q environment (see § 121.1, Category VIII(e) and Category XII(d));
(e) Continuous output accelerometers or gyros of any type, specified to function at acceleration levels greater than 100 g (see § 121.1, Category XII(d));
(f) Inertial or other equipment using accelerometers described by subitems (c) and (e) above, and systems incorporating such equipment, and specially designed integration software therefor (see § 121.1, Category VIII (e) and Category XII(d));
(1) Items (a) through (f) may be exported as part of a manned aircraft or satellite or in quantities appropriate for replacement parts for manned aircraft.
(2) In subitem (d):
(i) Drift rate is defined as the time rate of output deviation from the desired output. It consists of random and systematic components and is expressed as an equivalent angular displacement per unit time with respect to inertial space.
(ii) Stability is defined as standard deviation (1 sigma) of the variation of a particular parameter from its calibrated value measured under stable temperature conditions. This can be expressed as a function of time.
Flight control systems and "technology" as follows; designed or modified for the systems in Item 1.
(a) Hydraulic, mechanical, electro-optical, or electro-mechanical flight control systems (including fly-by-wire systems), (see § 121.1, Category IV (h));
(b) Attitude control equipment, (see § 121.1, Category IV, (c) and (h));
(c) Design technology for integration of air vehicle fuselage, propulsion system and lifting control surfaces to optimize aerodynamic performance throughout the flight regime of an unmanned air vehicle, (see § 121.1, Category VIII (k));
(d) Design technology for integration of the flight control, guidance, and propulsion data into a flight management system for optimization of rocket system trajectory, (see § 121.1, Category IV (i)).
Avionics equipment, "technology" and components as follows; designed or modified for use in the systems in Item 1, and specially designed software therefor:
(a) Radar and laser radar systems, including altimeters (see § 121.1, Category XI(a)(3));
(b) Passive sensors for determining bearings to specific electromagnetic sources (direction finding equipment) or terrain characteristics (see § 121.1, Category XI(b) and (d));
(c) Global Positioning System (GPS) or similar satellite receivers;
(1) Capable of providing navigation information under the following operational conditions:
(i) At speeds in excess of 515 m/sec (1,000 nautical miles/hours); and
(ii) At altitudes in excess of 18 km (60,000 feet), (see § 121.1, Category XV(d)(2); or
(2) Designed or modified for use with unmanned air vehicles covered by Item 1 (see § 121.1, Category XV(d)(4)).
(d) Electronic assemblies and componen